In-situ pore pressure variations in Koyna-Warna — A promising key to understand triggered earthquakes     

H.-J. Kuempel  R. K. Chadha  D. V. Ramana  M. Ravi 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2017,90(6):678-683

The filling of the Koyna reservoir in western India and the associated triggered earthquakes have been well documented. Several studies have suggested that earthquakes are triggered on pre-existing faults in the region due to changes in pore pressure caused by pore pressure diffusion. To study in-situ pore pressure variations twenty-one borewells were drilled in the Koyna-Warna region under an Indo-German research program during 1995–1998. In most of these wells tidal signals are observed in well level variations indicating sensitivity to small strain changes in hydraulically connected, confined aquifers. Those signals, hence, are suitable to reflect variations in the stress field of local rock formations. More than a decade of well level monitoring has shown four types of earthquake related changes. The pre- and post-earthquake changes are mostly interpretative in nature and difficult to substantiate. The co-seismic and transient changes which are observed for local and large teleseismic events are well established. Wells connected to unconfined aquifers also showed changes related to seismicity in case of large magnitude earthquakes at closer distances. Some anomalous water level fluctuations are seen which are not associated with local or teleseismic earthquakes. These changes are coherent in nature and reflect aseismic regional volume strain.  相似文献   

Reconstructing galaxy fundamental distributions and scaling relations from photometric redshift surveys. Applications to the SDSS early-type sample     

Graziano Rossi  Ravi K. Sheth  Changbom Park 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2010,401(1):666-676

Noisy distance estimates associated with photometric rather than spectroscopic redshifts lead to a biased estimate of the luminosity distribution, and produce a correlated misestimate of the sizes. We consider a sample of early-type galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 for which both spectroscopic and photometric information is available, and apply the generalization of the V _max method to correct for these biases. We show that our technique recovers the true redshift, magnitude and size distributions, as well as the true size–luminosity relation. We find that using only 10 per cent of the spectroscopic information randomly spaced in our catalogue is sufficient for the reconstructions to be accurate within  ∼3 per cent  , when the photometric redshift error is  δ z ≃ 0.038  . We then address the problem of extending our method to deep redshift catalogues, where only photometric information is available. In addition to the specific applications outlined here, our technique impacts a broader range of studies, when at least one distance-dependent quantity is involved. It is particularly relevant for the next generation of surveys, some of which will only have photometric information.  相似文献   

Detailed gravity studies over Jabera — Damoh region of the Vindhyan basin (Central India) and crustal evolution     

Ravi P. Srivastava  Nimisha Vedanti  O. P. Pandey  V. P. Dimri 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(5):715-723

Vindhyan Basin of Central India situated just north of SONATA rift zone, forms one of the major geotectonic segment of the Indian subcontinent which is associated with complex thermo-tectonic history. Southern part of this basin is known to contain favorable conditions for hydrocarbon entrapment. Keeping this in view, a detailed gravity survey network comprising 40 gravity bases and 1500 data points in an area of about 110 × 100 km² was planned in and around Jabera-Damoh region. Analysis of Bouguer and free air gravity anomaly maps, prepared using fractal based gridding method, indicates presence of two sedimentary basins (Jabera and Damoh) faulted on either sides beside ridge like features. However, well-known Jabera domal structure appeared to be a shallow feature only. Inversion of gravity data further reveals presence of 5 to 6 km thick Vindhyan sediments in the Jabera basin which are underlain by Mahakoshal/Bijawar group of rocks, resting directly over the lower crust, thereby indicating almost total absence of granitic crust from this region. It appears that due to an underlying thermal anomaly, the entire region may have been subjected to sustained uplift, deformation, erosion and consequent crustal extension during early to mid Proterozoics which brought high velocity mafic crust to such shallow levels.  相似文献   

Evolution of Ganges–Brahmaputra western delta plain: Clues from sedimentology and carbon isotopes     

A. Sarkar  S. Sengupta  J.M. McArthur  P. Ravenscroft  M.K. Bera  Ravi Bhushan  A. Samanta  S. Agrawal 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(25-26):2564-2581

Sedimentology, carbon isotope and sequence stratigraphic analysis of subsurface sediments from western part of Ganges–Brahmaputra (GB) delta plain shows that a Late Quaternary marine clay and fluvial channel-overbank sediments of MIS 5 and 3 highstands are traceable below the Holocene strata. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea-level lowering of >100 m produced a regional unconformity (type 1), represented by palaeosols and incised valley. C4 vegetation expanded on exposed lowstand surface in an ambient dry glacial climate. At 9 ka transgression inundated the lowstand surface pushing the coastline and mangrove front 100 km inland. Simultaneous intensification of monsoon and very high sediment discharge (4–8 times than modern) caused a rapid aggradation of both floodplain and estuarine valley fill deposits between 8 and 7 ka. The Hoogli River remaining along its present drainage possibly acted as the main conduit for transgression and sediment discharge that was subsequently abandoned. C3 vegetation dominated the delta plain during this time. From 7 ka onward progradation of delta plain started and continued till recent. This period experienced a mixed C3–C4 vegetation with localized mangroves in the mid-Holocene to dominant return of C4 vegetation in the late Holocene period. The study indicates that while the initiation of western part of GB delta occurred at least 1 ka earlier than the global mean delta formation age, the progradation started at 7 ka, at least 2 ka earlier than thought before. The terrestrial vegetation change was modulated by changes in depositional environment, specific ecological niches and climate rather than pCO₂.  相似文献   

Mafic xenoliths in Proterozoic kimberlites from Eastern Dharwar Craton,India: Mineralogy and P–T regime     

S.C. Patel  S. Ravi  Y. Anilkumar  A. Naik  S.S. Thakur  J.K. Pati  S.S. Nayak 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,34(3):336-346

Mafic xenoliths of garnet pyroxenite and eclogite from the Wajrakarur, Narayanpet and Raichur kimberlite fields in the Archaean Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) of southern India have been studied. The composition of clinopyroxene shows transition from omphacite (3–6 wt% Na₂O) in eclogites to Ca pyroxene (<3 wt% Na₂O) in garnet pyroxenites. Some of the xenoliths have additional phases such as kyanite, enstatite, chromian spinel or rutile as discrete grains. Clinopyroxene in a rutile eclogite has an X_Mg value of 0.70, which is unusually low compared to the X_Mg range of 0.91–0.97 for all other samples. Garnet in the rutile eclogite is also highly iron-rich with an end member composition of Prp_26.5Alm_52.5Grs_14.7Adr_5.1TiAdr_0.3Sps_1.0Uv_0.1. Garnets in several xenoliths are Cr-rich with up to 8 mol% knorringite component. Geothermobarometric calculations in Cr-rich xenoliths yield different P–T ranges for eclogites and garnet pyroxenites with average P–T conditions of 36 kbar and 1080 °C, and 27 kbar and 830 °C, respectively. The calculated P–T ranges approximate to a 45 mW m^?2 model geotherm, which is on the higher side of the typical range of xenolith/xenocryst geotherms (35–45 mW m^?2) for several Archaean cratons in the world. This indicates that the EDC was hotter than many other shield regions of the world in the mid-Proterozoic period when kimberlites intruded the craton. Textural and mineral chemical characteristics of the mafic xenoliths favour a magmatic cumulate process for their origin as opposed to subducted and metamorphosed oceanic crust.  相似文献   

Orographic control of the Bay of Bengal cold pool rainfall     

P V Arushi  Arindam Chakraborty  Ravi S Nanjundiah 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(8):111

In boreal summer (June–September), most of the Indian land and its surroundings experience rainrates exceeding 6 mm day\(^{-1}\) with considerable spatial variability. Over southern Bay of Bengal (BoB) along the east coast of the Indian peninsula (henceforth referred to as the Bay of Bengal cold pool or BoB-CP), the rain intensity is significantly lower (<2 mm day\(^{-1}\)) than its surroundings. This low rainfall occurs despite the fact that the sea surface temperature in this region is well above the threshold for convection and the mean vorticity of the boundary layer is cyclonic with a magnitude comparable to that over the central Indian monsoon trough where the rainrate is about 10 mm day\(^{-1}\). It is also noteworthy that the seasonal cycle of convection over the BoB-CP shows a primary peak in November and a secondary peak in May. This is in contrast to the peak in June–July over most of the oceanic locations surrounding the BoB-CP. In this study, we investigate the role of the Western Ghat (WG) mountains in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) to understand this paradox. Decade-long simulations of the AGCM were carried out with varying (from 0 to 2 times the present) heights of the WG. We find that the lee waves generated by the strong westerlies in the lower troposphere in the presence of the WG mountains cause descent over the BoB-CP. Thus, an increase in the height of the WG strengthens the lee waves and reduces rainfall over the BoB-CP. More interestingly in the absence of WG mountains, the BoB-CP shows a rainfall maxima in the boreal summer similar to that over its surrounding oceans. The WG also impacts the climate over the middle and high latitude regions by modifying the upper tropospheric circulation. The results of this study underline the importance of narrow mountains like the WG in the tropics in determining the global climate and possibly calls for a better representation of such mountains in climate models.  相似文献   

Deep learning for predicting the monsoon over the homogeneous regions of India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Moumita Saha  Pabitra Mitra  Ravi S Nanjundiah 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(4):54

Indian monsoon varies in its nature over the geographical regions. Predicting the rainfall not just at the national level, but at the regional level is an important task. In this article, we used a deep neural network, namely, the stacked autoencoder to automatically identify climatic factors that are capable of predicting the rainfall over the homogeneous regions of India. An ensemble regression tree model is used for monsoon prediction using the identified climatic predictors. The proposed model provides forecast of the monsoon at a long lead time which supports the government to implement appropriate policies for the economic growth of the country. The monsoon of the central, north-east, north-west, and south-peninsular India regions are predicted with errors of 4.1%, 5.1%, 5.5%, and 6.4%, respectively. The identified predictors show high skill in predicting the regional monsoon having high variability. The proposed model is observed to be competitive with the state-of-the-art prediction models.  相似文献   

Quadtrees in Hydrological Research     

S. UDE SHANKAR  P.D. HUTCHINSON 《New Zealand geographer》1990,46(1):29-32

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Analysis of Water Saturation, NAPL Content, Degradation Half-Life, and Lower Boundary Conditions on VOC Transport Modeling: Implications for Closure of Soil Venting Systems     

Dominic C. DiGiulio  Ravi Varadhan 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2001,21(4):83-91

Simulations using a one-dimensional, analytical, vadose zone, solute-transport screening code (VFLUX) were conducted to assess the effect of water saturation, NAPL saturation, degradation half-life, and boundary conditions at the vadose zone/ground water interface on model output. At high initial soil concentrations, model output was significantly affected by input parameters and lower boundary conditions yet still resulted in consistent decision-making to initiate or continue venting application. At lower soil concentrations, however, typical of what is observed after prolonged venting application, differences in model input and selection of lower boundary conditions resulted in inconsistent decision-making. Specifically, under conditions of low water saturation, use of a first-type, time-dependent lower boundary condition indicated that the primary direction of mass flux was from ground water to the vadose zone, suggesting little benefit from continued venting application. Use of a finite, zero-gradient lower boundary condition, though, indicated continued mass flux from the vadose zone to ground water, suggesting a continued need for venting application. In this situation, sensitivity analysis of input parameters, selection of boundary conditions, and consideration of overall objectives in vadose zone modeling become critical in regulatory decision-making.  相似文献   

District-level rice-yield estimation for Orissa using satellite data     

N Ravi  N K Patel  R R Navalgund  S Panigrahy  R N Dash 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1992,20(1):43-49

Remotely-sensed data transformed into a vegetation index (radiance ratio of near infrared to red) has been related to district rice yields for Orissa using IRS-1A LISS-I data of kharif seasons 1988–89 and 1989–90. Using the empirical relation of the first year, estimation of rice yield has been done for the 1989–90 kharif season. Deviations in the districts of coastal tract and central tableland ranged from 1.9 to 11.1 percent whereas deviations were larger in Eastern Ghat and Northern plateau of Orissa.  相似文献